Galil, Chronology
Posted: Tue, 22 Dec 2009 | Updated: Sat, 26 Dec 2009 | Tagged:
Gershon Galil, The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah. SHCANE, 9; Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1996.
Tables
1. Kings of Israel and Judah
2. Additional Information
3. Synchronisms with Foreign Kings
4. Additional Biblical Data
5. Extra-Biblical Data
6. Ages of the Kings of Judah
7. Absolute Dates
Reviews
- Leslie McFall, Vetus Testamentum, 49/3 (1999), 572-574. [JSTOR]
Galil’s approach is a cross between Thiele (Harmonist) and Hayes and Hooker (Restorationists). He accepts four out of the five main factors that Thiele built his case on, namely, coregencies, two different New Year starting dates (Nisan and Tishri), accession and non-accession methods of calculating the lengths of reigns, and the inclusion (sometimes) of coregency years in the total reigns. The one factor that Galil rejects is Thiele’s idea that data relating to the kings of Israel were reckoned by Judah’s system and vice versa (pp. 10, 38). … At those many points where Galil alters the biblical data to achieve harmony for his chronology he there introduces the greatest weaknesses into his scheme. Given that Thiele did not resort to altering the numerals to achieve harmony, one wonders why Galil needed to alter any of the biblical data when his overall totals agree with Thiele’s. … Although Galil’s dates differ from Thiele’s in the middle sections of the Hebrew kings he is in agreement with his starting and concluding dates. But more importantly his work is the first full-scale attempt to build on Thiele’s foundation and to modify his dates in the light of his own researches. To that extent it must be taken seriously in any future work on the chronology of the Hebrew kings.
- J. Maxwell Miller, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 119/1 (1999), pp. 157-159. [JSTOR]
- Andrew G. Vaughn, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 318 (2000), pp. 74-76. [JSTOR]
1. Kings of Israel and Judah
| Israel | Synchronism | Years | From (BC) | To (BC) | Judah | Synchronism | Years | From (BC) | To (BC) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeroboam | 22 | 931/930 | 909 | Rehoboam | 17 | 931/930 | 914 | ||
| Abijah | Jeroboam 18 | 3 | 914 | 911 | |||||
| Asa | Jeroboam 20 | 41 | 911 | 870 | |||||
| Nadab | Asa 2 | 2 | 909 | 908 | |||||
| Baasha | Asa 3 | 24 | 908 | 885 | |||||
| Elah | Asa 26 | 2 | 885 | 884 | |||||
| Zimri | Asa 27 | 7 days | 884 | ||||||
| Tibni | died Asa 31 | 4 | 884 | 880 | |||||
| Omri | Asa 27 | 12 | 884 | 873 | |||||
| Ahab | Asa 38 | 22 | 873 | 852 | |||||
| Jehoshaphat | Ahab 4 | 25 | 870 | 845 | |||||
| Ahaziah | Jehoshaphat 17 | 2 | 852 | 851 | |||||
| Joram | Jehoshaphat 18 | 12 | 851 | 842/841 | Jehoram | Joram 5 | 8 | 851 | 843/842 |
| Joram | Jehoram 2 | Ahaziah | Joram 11/12 | 1 | 843/842 | 842/841 | |||
| Jehu | 28 | 842/841 | 815/814 | Athaliah | 842/841 | 835 | |||
| Jehoash | Jehu 7 | 40 | 842/841 | 802/801 | |||||
| Jehoahaz | Jehoash 23 | 17 | 819 | 804/803 | |||||
| Joash | Jehoash 37 | 16 | 805 | 790 | Amaziah | Joash 2 | 29 | 805/804 | 776/775 |
| Jeroboam | Amaziah 15 | 41 | 790 | 750/749 | |||||
| Uzziah | Jeroboam 27 | 52 | 788/787 | 736/735 | |||||
| Jotham | Pekah 2 | 16 | 758/757 | 742/741 | |||||
| Pekah | Uzziah 52 | 20 | 750 | 732/731 | |||||
| Zechariah | Uzziah 38 | 6 months | 750/749 | ||||||
| Shallum | Uzziah 39 | 1 month | 749 | ||||||
| Menahem | Uzziah 39 | 10 | 749 | 738 | |||||
| Ahaz | Pekah 17 | 16 | 742/741 | 726 | |||||
| Pekahiah | Uzziah 50 | 2 | 738 | 736 | |||||
| Hoshea | Jotham 20 | 9 | 732/731 | 722 | |||||
| Hoshea | Ahaz 12 | Hezekiah | Hoshea 3 | 29 | 726 | 697/696 | |||
| Manasseh | 55 | 697/696 | 642/641 | ||||||
| Amon | 2 | 642/641 | 640/639 | ||||||
| Josiah | 31 | 640/639 | 609 | ||||||
| Jehoahaz | 3 months | 609 | |||||||
| Jehoiakim | 11 | 609 | 598 | ||||||
| Jehoiachin | 3 months | 598 | 597 | ||||||
| Zedekiah | 11 | 597 | 586 |
2. Additional Information
| Israel | Judah | Synchronism | 2 Kings | 2 Chronicles |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Joash | Amaziah | Amaziah dies 15 years after Joash | 14:17 | 25:25 |
| Hoshea | Hezekiah | Hezekiah 4 = Hoshea 7 | 18:9 | |
| Hoshea | Hezekiah | Hezekiah 6 = Hoshea 9 | 18:10 |
3. Synchronisms with Foriegn Kings
| Israel | Judah | Foreign king | Event | Reference 1 | Reference 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehoboam 5 | Shishak | Shishak’s campaign | 1 Kings 14:25 | 2 Chron. 12:2 | |
| Menahem | Tiglath-pileser III | Menahem pays tribute | 2 Kings 15:19-20 | ||
| Pekah | Tiglath-pileser III | Israelites are exiled | 2 Kings 15:29 | ||
| Pekah | Ahaz | Tiglath-pileser III | Ahaz requests military aid | 2 Kings 16:7-8 | 2 Chron. 28:16-21 |
| Hoshea | Shalmaneser V | Hoshea’s coronation | 2 Kings 17:3-6 | 2 Kings 18:9-11 | |
| Hezekiah 14 | Sennacherib | Sennacherib’s campaign | 2 Kings 18:13 | Isaiah 36:1 | |
| Hezekiah | Merodach-baladan | Delegates sent to Jerusalem | 2 Kings 20:12 | Isaiah 39:1 | |
| Josiah 31 | Necho | Josiah dies at Megiddo | 2 Kings 23:29 | 2 Chron. 35:20 | |
| Jehoiakim 3 | Nebuchadrezzar | siege of Jerusalem | Daniel 1:1 | ||
| Jehoiakim 4 | Nebuchadrezzar 1 | Jeremiah 25:1 | |||
| Jehoiakim 4 | Nebuchadrezzar | Battle of Carchemish | Jeremiah 46:2 | ||
| Jehoiachin | Nebuchadrezzar 8 | Jehoiachin is exiled | 2 Kings 24:12 | 2 Chron. 36:10 | |
| Zedekiah 10 | Nebuchadrezzar 18 | Jer. 32:1 | |||
| Zedekiah 11 Ab 7 | Nebuchadrezzar 19 | The temple is destroyed | 2 Kings 25:2,8 | ||
| Jehoiachin | Evil-Merodach | Jehoiachin is released | 2 Kings 25:27 | Jeremiah 52:31 |
4. Additional Biblical Data
| Israel | Judah | Event | Reference 1 | Reference 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jeroboam | Abijam | Jeroboam dies | 2 Chron. 13:20 | |
| Asa 36 | War against Baasha | 2 Chron. 15:19,16:1 | ||
| Joram | Jehoshaphat | Campaign against Moab | 2 Kings 3:4 | |
| Joram | Ahaziah | both are killed in Jehu’s revellion | 2 Kings 9:24-28 | 2 Chron. 22:7-9 |
| Athaliah 7 | assassinated | 2 Kings 11:4-20 | 2 Chron. 23:1-21 | |
| Jeroboam | Jotham | Census in Transjordan | 1 Chron. 5:17 | |
| Pekah | Jotham | Rezin & Pekah attack Judah | 2 Kings 15:37 | |
| Jehoiakim 4 | 23 years after Josiah 13 | Jeremiah 25:3 | ||
| Zedekiah 9 Tebeth 10 | Jerusalem is besieged | 2 Kings 25:1 | Jeremiah 39:1,52:4 | |
| Zedekiah 11 Tammuz 9 | Jerusalem’s walls are breached | 2 Kings 25:2-4 | Jeremiah 39:2,52:6 | |
| Zedekiah 11 Ab 7/10 | The temple is destroyed | 2 Kings 25:8 | Jeremiah 52:12 |
5. Extra-Biblical Data
| Israel | Judah | Foreign king | Event | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ahab | Shalmaneser III 6 | battle of Qarqar | monolith inscription | |
| Jehu | Shalmaneser III 18 | Jehu pays tribute | black obelisk | |
| Jehoash (Joash) | Adad-nirari III | Jehoash (Joash) pays tribute | Tell al-Rimah inscription | |
| Menahem | Tiglath-pileser III | Menahem pays tribute | Iran stele | |
| Jehoahaz | Tiglath-pileser III | Jehoahaz pays tribute | inscription of T-P | |
| Pekah / Hoshea | Tiglath-pileser III | Hoshea deposes Pekah | inscription of T-P | |
| Shalmaneser V | Israel is conquered | Bsbylonian chronicle | ||
| Sargon II | Samaria is conquered | Calah prism | ||
| Hezekiah | Sennacherib | campaign against Judah | Chicago prism | |
| Manasseh | Esarhaddon | Manasseh pays tribute | Nineveh prism | |
| Manasseh | Ashurbanipal | Manasseh pays tribute | Nineveh prism | |
| Nebuchadrezzar II 7 Adar 2 | Jerusalem is conquered |
6. Ages of the Kings of Judah
| Name | Date of birth | Age at suucessor’s birth | Age at accession | Date of Death | Age at Death |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehoboam | 971 | 41 | 914 | 57 | |
| Abijah | 911 | ||||
| Asa | 870 | ||||
| Jehoshaphat | 905 | 22 | 35 | 845 | 60 |
| Jehoram | 883 | 18 | 32 | 843/842 | 40 |
| Ahaziah | 865 | 23 or 22 | 22 | 842/841 | 23 |
| Jehoash | 843/842 | 14 | 7 | 802/801 | 41 |
| Amaziah | 829 | 25 | 25 | 776/775 | 53 |
| Uzziah | 804 | 21 | 16 | 736/735 | 68 |
| Jotham | 783 | 21 | 25 | 742/741 | 41 |
| Ahaz | 762 | 21 | 25 or 20 | 726 | 44 |
| Hezekiah | 741 | 32 | 15 or 25 | 697/696 | 44 |
| Manasseh | 709 | 45 | 12 | 642/641 | 67 |
| Amon | 664 | 16 or 17 | 22 | 640/639 | 24 |
| Josiah | 648/647 | 14 | 8 | 609 | 39 |
| Jehoahaz | 632 | 23 | |||
| Jehoiakim | 634 | 18 | 25 | 598 | 36 |
| Jehoiachin | 616 | 18 | after 562/561 | at least 54 | |
| Zedekiah | 618 | 21 |
7. Absolute Dates
| Date (BC) | Israel | Judah | Assyria/Babylonia | Event |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 853 | Ahab | Shalmaneser III 6 | Battle of Qarqar | |
| 841 | Jehu | Shalmaneser III 18 | Jehu pays tribute to Assyria | |
| 805-796 | Joash | Adad-nirari III | Joash pays tribute to Assyria | |
| 738 | Menahem | Tiglath-pileser III 8 | Menahem pays tribute to Assyria | |
| 734 | Ahaz (Jehoahaz) | Tiglath-pileser III 12 | Ahaz (Jehoahaz) tribute to Assyria | |
| 732 | Hoshea | Tiglath-pileser III 14 | Hoshea kills Pekah | |
| 724 or later | Hoshea | Shalmaneser V | Samaria is besieged | |
| 720 or earlier | Sargon II 2 | Samaria is conquered | ||
| 701 | Sennacherib 4 | campaign against Judah | ||
| 677-676 | Manasseh | Esarhaddon 4-5 | Manasseh provides forced labour | |
| 609 (May/June latest) | Josiah | Nabopolassar 17 | dies in Megiddo battle vs. Necho | |
| 605 (March/April-July/August) | Jehoiakim 4 | Nabopolassar 21 | battle of Carchemish vs. Necho | |
| 597 Adar (Feb./March) 2 | Jehoiachin | Nebuchadrezzar II 7 | Neb. deposes Jehoiachin | |
| 597 | Jehoiachin | Nebuchadrezzar II 8 | Neb. exiles Jehoiachin | |
| 588/587 Tebeth (Dec./Jan.) 10 | Zedekiah 9 | Nebuchadrezzar II 17 | Neb. besieges Jerusalem | |
| 587 | Zedekiah10 | Nebuchadrezzar II 17 | Neb. deports 832 from Jerusalem | |
| 587 or 586 Tammuz (June/July) 9 | Zedekiah 11 | Nebuchadrezzar II 19 | Neb. breaches walls of Jerusalem | |
| 587 or 586 Ab (July/August) 7-10 | Nebuchadrezzar II 19 | Neb. destroys temple in Jerusalem | ||
| 561 Adar (Feb./March) 25-27 | Evil-merodach accession | Jehoiachin released after 37 years |